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But there have been few studies of group treatment, which may pose a low-cost alternative to individual therapy in developing countries where access to psychotherapy is scarce due to its high cost (NICE, 2009 Young, 2013). Over the last few years, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been one of the most extensively researched approaches (Fabiano, 2009 Hodgson, Hutchinson, & Denson, 2014, Majewicz-Hefley & Carlson, 2007 Young, 2013). However, non-pharmacological interventions combined with pharmacotherapy have alleviated ADHD’s long-term quality-of-life impacts on patients and families (Majewicz-Hefley & Carlson, 2007 Pelham & Gnagy, 1999 Wolraich et al., 2011). Clinical trials conducted since the early 1990s have shown that pharmacological treatment using psychostimulants in particular alleviates ADHD core symptoms and academic and behavioral problems while lowering risk of other ADHD comorbid psychopathologies (MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). The current DSM-5 diagnostic criteria feature three forms of presentation: ADHD/I (predominantly inattentive), ADHD/H (hyperactive and impulsive), and ADHD/C (combined), each with different specific difficulties and responses to treatment (Grizenko, Paci, & Joober, 2010).ĪDHD has an unfavorable prognosis if left untreated. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequent childhood neurobiological disorder with estimated worldwide prevalence at about 3.4% (Polanczyk, Salum, Sugaya, Caye, & Rohde, 2015).

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